Web-Based Education: A Review of an Upcoming Educational Method :: Essays Papers

Web-Based Education A Review of an Upcoming Educational Method Over the past 20 years, there has been a drastic change in technology. One example is in learning. The development of the internet has affected the way in which we teach and learn. Web based education is a relatively new-sprung(prenominal) term. There are many methods and techniques for delivering instruction through the web. Academic courses can be enhanced with web-based links, or the courses can be delivered completely on the web. By definition web-based education refers to material found on the World Wide Web which provides information to enhance a persons knowledge (Virtual tip Internet Solutions, 2005). Although it is a very broad term, it has just recently had a major impact on the learning development of children. Web based education includes, but is not limited to E-learning systems, online Universities, individual classroom websites, and general research conducted with the internet (SDSM&T & Sun Microsystems, 2002). Critics argue both the pros and cons of web-based technology therefore in this paper we will present several opposing viewpoints. Within the development of web based education it is important to discuss the Web-Based Education Commission, which is very authoritative in the steady progress of positive web-based education (SDSM&T & Sun Microsystems, 2002). As future teachers we feel this topic is essential to being successful in the classroom. As we previously menti integrityd, web-based education refers to many things on the internet. One example is E-learning systems. E-learning systems refer to the use of network technologies to create, foster, deliver, and facilitate learning, anytime and anywhere (Iqbal, Jones-Harris, & Gordon, 2004). One example is chalkboard. Blackboard is an online tool for teachers and students to enhance communication and learning. Blackboard provides many tools useful to teachers. These useful tools include discussion boar ds, chat rooms, quizzes, digital drop boxes to submit assignments, contact information, and frequently much. Personally we feel that Blackboard has had a major impact on our involvement in classes. In comparison to Blackboard, there is also WebCT. WebCT is a more elaborate example of an e-learning system. This includes courses, assessments, communication, and content presentations comparable to Blackboard (McCormack & Jones, 2000). Both Blackboard and WebCT can be used to enhance a classroom learning environment. E-learning is one of the fastest growing trends within colleges and universities.

The Corruptness of Power Depicted in George Orwells Animal Farm :: Animal Farm Essays

History consists of a series of swindles where the masses ar head start lead into revolt by the promise of Utopia, and then, when they have done their job, enslaved all over again by their new masters- George Orwell. Only one populace has the insight and the genius to depict this. Only he understood that in the end, humans cannot defeat human nature, because it is inherit in themselves. In Animal Farm, the lift animals, fueled by Old Majors speech, rebel against Farmer Jones. They set up a commune under the control of the pigs soon afterwards. scarcely the pigs abuse their power and the animals end up being no better off than they were under Farmer Jones. Animal Farm, a parody of the Russian Revolution, is Orwells attempt to inform others about a purveying truth regarding human nature- that power is, by its very nature, corrupting. This is why history consists of a series of swindles where the masses are first lead into revolt and enslaved all over again.Old Major, representing both Marx and Lenin, is the catalyst for the revolution. He is a political thinker, creating the idea of Animalism. He describes the ruthlessness of man and how man is the only creature that consumes without producing. An image of Utopia is then presented, where all animals are equal. in short after his death, the revolution occurs easily because of the ineptness of Mr. Jones and the support of the animals. Afterwards, the advance is run efficiently and the animals have a high quality of life because only they enjoy the fruits of their labor. They are led into revolt by the promise of Utopia.Soon afterwards, the pigs start to become selfish. They change the commandments to suit their selfish needs. Snowball and Napoleon become rivals. After Snowball is chased away by Napoleons dogs, Napoleon becomes supreme leader and life becomes more difficult and frightening. The animals are confused by his hypocritical actions but his right-hand pig, Squealer, convinces them to accept the dec isions. The windmill that promised a better life did not deliver a better life for the animals, instead only enriching the gluttonous life of the pigs. Napoleon rules through a combination of fear and propaganda. He represents the opportunistic, cunning dictators in history. The sheep and Boxer represent the gullible working class, easily persuaded by propaganda. They need to follow a leader. Through them, Orwell expresses the dangers of an uneducated population.

Energy Crisis: Is America In Trouble :: essays research papers fc

Global animation crisis threatens, scientist saysCHICAGO (April 17, 1997) -- An impending global energy crisis with potentially massive impact on American manufacture and jobs can be avoided if America strives for a portfolio of energy systems, a distinguished scientist express here today. In advocating an end to name-calling between energy advocates and environmentalists, Alan Schriesheim said, "We cannot set hard-hitting energy policy in an environmental vacuum, nor can we set effective environmental policy in an energy vacuum." Schriesheim, director emeritus at Argonne interior(a) Laboratory, spoke at a gathering sponsored by the Chicago Academy of Sciences at the University Club of Chicago. Energy demand will soar worldwide over the next 20 classs, he said. "What do you think might happen," he asked the audience, "to the worlds energy needs and environmental concerns if we added a new United States to the planet every(prenominal) three years for the n ext 20 years? This is not an academic question. The world population today is growing at exactly that rate, and it is projected to keep on growing at that rate through 2020." The bulk of that population growth will come in the poorer countries, Schriesheim said, "places where speech of energy policy comes second to talk of food and shelter and survival places where, if the only affordable fuel is growing in the rain forest, you will take that fuel today without a moments suasion of the consequences tomorrow." The Argonne scientists talk was titled "What Every High School Graduate Should Know About Energy," and was part of the Chicago Academy of Sciences lecture series "Science Literacy for the twenty-first Century What Should Every High School Graduate Know?" Schriesheim told the audience that world population growth of more than 86 million people per year is "the equivalent of adding two cities the size of Chicago to the planet each month." & quotSo not only will all the Earths current population demand more energy in the years ahead," he said, "those billions of new people are going to want their share too." Schriesheim chided energy executives who dismiss environmental concerns, and environmentalists who dismiss the energy production potential of fossil fuels, flowing water, and uranium in favor of so-called "renewable" energy sources such as solar energy. He said that for the next several generations renewables -- such as solar, wind, and farm-grown energy crops -- are expected to provide only 2 to 4 percent of global energy supplies.

Pragmatism, Perfectionism, and Feminism :: Feminist Feminism Pragmatism Essays

Pragmatism, Perfectionism, and FeminismABSTRACT I consider the revision of naive realism by three leading neopragmatists Richard Rorty, Richard Bernstein, and Cornel West. I argue that their vision of pragmatism lacks a teleology, though a teleology is suggested by Bernsteins description of a practical ethos. I appeal to Stanley Cavells notion of moral perfectionism to suggest a kind of teleology that is available to pragmatism. Finally, I find the weakness of pragmatism done without teleology well exemplified in the throw between Rorty and Nancy Frazer at Rortys 1990 Tanner Lecture. Rortys paper, Pragmatism and Feminism, was meant to offer feminists some pragmatic strategies for improving their position. Frazers strong response finds Rortys suggestions only marginally helpful. I interpret her condemnation of Rortys suggestions to be that they lack something like a teleology. To me, this suggests that pragmatism can learn from feminism. Pragmatism is revolutionary both in the sen se of being a philosophical system that is critical, destabilizing, and progressive, as well as in the sense of being a philosophy that, in the turning philosophical tides, has come back. Pragmatism was eclipsed in the root half of the twentieth century by analytic philosophy, in its various forms, but in the last decade or so pragmatism has returned in full force, and with an explicitly philosophical agenda. In this paper I will examine this new wave of philosophical pragmatism, sometimes referred to as neopragmatism, as it appears in the works of three of its leading proponents, Richard Rorty, Cornel West, and Richard Bernstein and specifically, how it compares to, contrasts with, and contributes to feminism, as illustrated in the exchange between Rorty and Nancy Fraser that occurred as part of Rortys 1990 Tanner Lecture. A difficulty that arises in talk of the town about pragmatism, new or old, is that pragmatism comes in so many forms. For Rorty, the most influential of the n eopragmatists, pragmatism is primarily anti-philosophical. He defines its role in cost of negations it is anti-representational, anti-universalist, and anti-foundational. One of Rortys descriptions of what pragmatists do is, pragmatists keep trying to find ways of making antiphilosophical points in nonphilosophical language. (1) For Cornel West, pragmatism represents a kind of return to philosophy, a return, that is, from a false to a genuine philosophy. It is a return to a philosophy that, at last, addresses the loci of our real needs. In his impressive, The American Evasion of Philosophy A genealogy of Pragmatism, West describes the return to pragmatism as follows

Divorce: Ensuring the Wellbeing of a Child Essay -- relationships, psy

For my research, I have chosen to explore the discussions regarding the various ways in which children are affected by the divorce of their parents. Divorce is a hard time for all parties involved, but many people are unaware of the full extent of issues that it can develop for those that are not directly involved- the children. Also, many of the negative affects divorce presents can, in fact, persist and become long-term. Most parents realize that their separation takes a toll on their children, but typically, adults are unaware of the ways that their children can potentially be affected by it throughout the rest of their lives. After thorough research in the field, the topics I considered to be most informative and compelling include how divorce can affect separate children in different ways, the dynamics that are trustworthy for causing variations in the effects upon children, and how adults who encountered divorce as children are affected in the long run. These subtop ics within the field are important because of their specific point and unique approaches. My intention is to build upon them by adding an extra element of primary prevention in hopes of ensuring the ideal wellbeing for the children involved.This topic and its research are real important because they are relevant to such a large scope of people. According to an online statistic source, in the United States alone, there is one divorce approximately all(prenominal) 36 seconds. Thats just about 2,400 divorces per day, 16,800 divorces per week and 876,000 divorces a year (Thirty-two Shocking Divorce Statistics par. 4). With about two million marriages each year and nearly a million annual divorces, there is a considerable portion of our country that is affected by d... ...lpGuide, n.d. Web. 27 Apr. 2014. .McCabe, Kristen M. Sex Differences in the Long limit Effects of Divorce on Children Depression and Heterosexual Relationship Difficulties in the Young Adult Years. Journal of Divo rce and Remarriage 27.1-2 (1997) 123-35. Print.Philpott, Shannon. Four Things to Keep Stable with Children of disjoint Parents - Mom.me. Mom.me. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Apr. 2014. .Zill, Nicholas, Donna Ruane Morrison, and Mary Jo Coiro. Long-Term Effects of Parental Divorce on Parent-Child Relationships, Adjustment, and Achievement in Young Adulthood. Journal of Family Psychology 7.1 (1993) 91-103. Print.Zinsmeister, Karl. Divorces Toll on Children. American Enterprise 7.3 (1996) 39-44. Print.

Divorce: Ensuring the Wellbeing of a Child Essay -- relationships, psy

For my research, I have chosen to explore the discussions regarding the various ways in which children ar affected by the divorce of their parents. Divorce is a hard time for all parties involved, but many people are unaware of the generous extent of issues that it can cause for those that are not directly involved- the children. Also, many of the negative affects divorce presents can, in fact, persist and become long-term. Most parents realize that their withdrawal takes a toll on their children, but typically, adults are unaware of the ways that their children can potentially be affected by it throughout the rest of their lives. after(prenominal) thorough research in the field, the offsprings I considered to be most informative and compelling include how divorce can affect separate children in several(predicate) ways, the dynamics that are responsible for causing variations in the effects upon children, and how adults who encountered divorce as children are affected in the long run. These subtopics within the field are important because of their specific focus and unique approaches. My intention is to build upon them by adding an extra element of primary prevention in hopes of ensuring the ideal wellbeing for the children involved.This topic and its research are very important because they are relevant to such a large scope of people. According to an online statistic source, in the United States al sensation, there is one divorce approximately every 36 seconds. Thats nearly 2,400 divorces per day, 16,800 divorces per week and 876,000 divorces a year (Thirty-two Shocking Divorce Statistics par. 4). With about two million marriages each year and nearly a million annual divorces, there is a considerable portion of our country that is affected by d... ...lpGuide, n.d. Web. 27 Apr. 2014. .McCabe, Kristen M. agitate Differences in the Long Term Effects of Divorce on Children Depression and Heterosexual Relationship Difficulties in the Young Adult Years. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage 27.1-2 (1997) 123-35. Print.Philpott, Shannon. quadruple Things to Keep Stable with Children of Divorced Parents - Mom.me. Mom.me. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Apr. 2014. .Zill, Nicholas, Donna Ruane Morrison, and Mary Jo Coiro. Long-Term Effects of Parental Divorce on Parent-Child Relationships, Adjustment, and Achievement in Young Adulthood. Journal of Family psychological science 7.1 (1993) 91-103. Print.Zinsmeister, Karl. Divorces Toll on Children. American Enterprise 7.3 (1996) 39-44. Print.

Kraft and Cadbury Merger Essay

What is the role of the government in this merger? What is the impact on the shargonholders, what are their thoughts about it and is it a successful merger or not. Other than kraft paper and Cadbury four aspects of doing business internationally has been discussed and their influence in an international business career. 1. 1 How and why kraft paper identified Cadbury as a potential accomplice? On 19th January 2010 kraft paper the Ameri great deal Giant, acquired Cadbury the most popular and one of the most considering brand in chocolates for $11. 5bn.The reason for kraft to identify Cadbury as its potential assortner and even later Cadbury rejected its first bid on 7th September 2009, and then came up with a higher bid, was that Kraft wanted to bring in the most loved British Chocolates to USA, because the chocolates that America produces are only loved by Americans and are not so loved around the world, while they targeted the British beau monde because they make better choco lates plus they wanted to get into the British market and to get into the British market remaining into the provender industry they could not identify a better option than acquiring Cadbury by merging these two companies one they cause the British market of dairy food plus they introduce their products into Britain and the Cadbury products into USA having the plus points of both cultures.Expected benefits Kraft is the second largest Food beverage company in the world, which produced revenue of 49. billion USD in the year 2010 (Kraftfoodscompany, (2011) and is operating in more than 150 counties worldwide and has an Employee number of around 100,000. Where as Cadbury on the separate hand is the second largest Confectionary Company in the world, which produced revenue of 5. 38 billion USD in the year 2008 (Cadbury annual report, 2008) and has a very strong hold in Asia Pacific and Latin America and has an Employee number of around 70,000. When these two giants combine, one America n Giant and other British Giant, they both can conquer the food industry if they both are managed well. In 2010 Kraft already made revenue increase of 0. 7 billion USD from 2008 to 2010 after the take over of Cadbury (CNN, 2011).Kraft and Cadbury can both work very well and can avail a lot of benefits from each other provided that both them work together, because Kraft has its admit management too large in scale and Cadbury as well. 1. 3 Synergies for both companies involved? After the merger of Kraft and Cadbury, both companies are expect to have revenue synergies and have an increase of the net revenue of up to 5% or more. They are targeting the long-term output for it. Which as a proceeds allow increase the net revenue. The combined company (Kraft and Cadbury) is targeting to increase their per share cost in 2011 of approximately $0. 05 and on the basis of cash. These two companies combined can make a lot of revenue. Parliament publication, 2012)Other than that Cadbury has oth er channels of gaining revenue like gas filling stations, corner shops which are well macrocosm forced by Cadbury and on the other hand Kraft has a strong hold on supermarkets and groceries. As they are merged now the overall distribution will be higher for Kraft and Cadbury and their revenue will increase. Both of the companies has opposite markets that they have captured for Cadbury they have a large influence in Asia, Africa, Mexico and Turkey and for Kraft they have more influence in Brazil and China. By combining together they both can capture almost any market around the globe.The total value of the British chocolate confectionery sector amounts to approximately EUR 3. 9 billion. In the UK, the parties activities overlap only in the markets of tablets and pralines. Kraft is active in tablets and pralines mainly with its brands Milka, Toblerone and Terrys chocolate Orange, and Cadbury with its brands Dairy Milk, Roses and Green & Black. (http//ec. europa. eu/competition/m ergers/cases/decisions/m5644_20100106_20212_en. pdf page 9 ) (Kraft Foods Official 2011 Report) 1. 4 The risks associated with the choice of acquisition as an approach to this particular partnership The first and last risk which is associated with this particular partnership is of keeping their word.The official position of the Fairtrade derriere is the following The Fairtrade Foundation is very proud of our relationship with Cadbury, and what we have achieved together, including the conversion of Cadbury Dairy Milk to Fairtrade in the UK and Ireland in 2009, now being extended to tercet other international markets Canada, Australia and New Zealand. This has had a tremendously positive public response, and is delivering major benefits to cocoa farmers in Ghana, quadrupling the amount they are able to sell on Fairtrade terms in 2010, compared to 2008. The Fairtrade Foundation and Cadbury have a shared vision for the future, and there are contractual commitments in place, which wil l form part of any intellectual property transfer between Cadbury and Kraft in any takeover.We believe that the progress we have made together in fortify cocoa farmers to deliver long term sustainability of the cocoa supply chain, along with a fast growing level of consumer demand for Fairtrade products, not dependable in the UK but globally, present a unique and compelling case for continuing to pursue the Cadbury commitment to their Cocoa fractionnership and to Fairtrade, and taking it even further in coming months and years. Treehugger, 2012) According to the Official Statement, they will perform Fairtrade for both the companies and Kraft confirmed that it would uphold Cadburys commitments to Fairtrade which were that Dairy Milk will continue to be Fairtrade in the UK and Northern Ireland and in three more markets, Canada, Australia and New Zealand by early 2010 Green &Blacks (which is proclaimed by Cadbury) will move its entire range to Fairtrade by the end of 2011. (h ttp//www. publications. parliament. uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmbis/234/234. df ) But no one is quiet happy with the outcome of the merger. Because Kraft did not really act upon what they stated to do before the merger, expression of the former first Minister of Scotland Jack McConnell asked Kraft in the Scottish Parliament to Honour the Fairtrade Part of the deal, he said There have been concerns expressed for many years that Kraft has never shown any enthusiasm for fair trade and therefore this mustiness be under threat as a result of the takeover. (Treehugger, 2012). Warren Buffett isnt too keen now either. Discussing the CEO of Kraft, he said She thinks this is a considerably deal, I think its a bad deal. Mind you, he is probably not worrying about the fairtrade aspect.Cadburys 6,000 UK workers are in like manner worried, because it is a hi risk for the workers to now work at Cadbury under the American Management which has already influenced the Cadbury management. 1. 5 Feasi ble alternative? The most possible alternative to Kraft for Cadbury was Hershey Chocolates, which is also an American Chocolate brand. In 2009 before the hostile takeover of Cadbury by Kraft, Cadbury talked to Hershey personal to include themselves in the bid so they can recommend Hershey over Kraft to its shareholders and are taken over by Hershey, but unfortunately Hershey did not want to be the part of the statement war over Cadbury with Kraft because Hershey is its self weighing up.Even for Kraft Hershey was a good alternative over Cadbury because both are American Companies and would visit eachother easily rather than taking over a company is a completely different region, Ferrero maker of Rocher chocolate and Nutella is also a very good alternative for Cadbury but at the time of bid according to Trevor Datson the spokesperson for Cadbury said the company had no comment.No one at Ferrero was immediately obtainable for comment. Involvement of National and corporate cultures Neither is the Nation nor the somatic section is happy with the merger of the both companies, because for public there is a fear of sore off more than 6000 jobs is Britian and more than 46,000 globally so people working at Cadbury are really afraid to work at it and other than employees the Corporate personal are also in fear of that the world failing brands like Dairy Milk, Flake and Wipsa are at risk with this merger and the shareholder are also not very happy with the $11. 5 bn deal.Critical Evaluation of both the companies about this Partnership Both of the companies had their own management and their own way of doing business around the world. As Kraft is majorly dairy products maker and is being loved by that around the world. Where as Cadbury is also a very well known name in the chocolate industry, because a lot of people in United Kingdom and at other major move of the world such as Asia and Africa Cadbury is really loved for chocolate. As through the analysis this is a very hostile takeover i. e. , between Kraft and Cadbury, after taking over Cadbury Kraft accepted some of the points that they will do and keep is at it is and after that takeover they did not manage to fulfill those commitments which lead to misunderstanding between these two companies after their merger.As Kraft agreed that they will stick to Faretrade organization and to keep the same cocoa supplier as Cadbury had before and before the merger Cadbury was to close one of their plants but after merger Kraft did not do so and now they are go about these problems which are not very good in the long run for both of the companies. Involvement Of the Government In this hostile takeover not just the employees and shareholders but also the government, had and also has issues with this mergers. With the merger of Kraft Foods and Cadbury a number of important issues have bin highlighted in the way through which the foreign takeovers of UK companies are conducted.

The Essense Of Buddhism

John Snelling has written that scientists with their scientific information beget succeeded in send space craft to distant planets or even probe to remote quarters of the planet with radio telescopes, (Snelling 7). They may investigate the mysteries of the sub atomic creation with electron microscopes. But the thing that infact know least about is this great mystery that is right here with us all the time- the heart of the matter can buoy Buddhism.For like every one they subscribe to consensus view and dont give the matter a second feeling. Thus, according to John Snelling of the London Buddhist Society, these scientists fail to see what is right under their nose, (291). Buddhist is concerned, Snelling has found, with the unravelling of this mystery. In the first sense it is necessary to see through the great delusion of I, of the so called person. wherefore it is a matter of finding what really is thither.And how plot thickens to penetrate this mystery is to penetrate the ultim ate mystery, the mystery of the heart of all things, and confront what the Christians called God, the Hindus Brahman or Atman-and it goes by other names in other devotions. Buddhists, however hesitate to put a name to it or say anything or say anything at all about it. It is they maintain something that cannot be grasped by intellect or described in words.It cannot be seen directly but that seeing brings about something sincerely miraculous a total transformation, no less. The veils of delution fall away and last the world is perceived as it truly is. At the same time a heavy compassion also crystallizes a pure, self less kindliness and caring born of an understanding of the unity of all beings. Therefore, as has been schematic by John Snelling in his The Buddhist handbook a complete Guide to Buddhist Teaching and Practice, (7) Buddhism is quite simple.But as, Snelling has found out simple things ar eternally hard to honesty realize, so people need all kinds of aids and suppo rt. A vast superstructure according to Snelling has in that respectfore grown up around the elemental heart nubble of the Buddhas teaching mountains of philosophical speculation, a voluminous literature, monastic codes and ethical systems, histories, cosmologies, different types of ritual and meditation give, institutions and hierarchies. John Snelling writes of one Shuan chin up ken who wrote a preface to a text book (mumonkan)From the London Buddhist orderliness, John Snelling (1987) established that numerous of those who have undertaken the study and practice of Buddhism have also taken an interest in the western psychotherapies that developed from the pioneering work of Sigmund Freud, the, the most famous western psychologist. As well as the Freudian analysis and its derivatives, Snelling has found that, this includes the analytical psychology of Freud great but errant student, Carl Gustav Jung, as well as subsequent developments right down to the present time, where Bud dhism and western society have make do together in a wonderful bond, (Snelling, 292).These theories, now regarded as Western psychotherapies arose towards the end of the 19th century and in the early develop of the 20th century. This great discovery made by the pioneers of this movement was of the existence of the unconscious mind an area or range of aspects of human psyche falling out-of-door the normal range of conscious awareness. Snelling records the therapeutic aspects that interested Dr. Freud to study a lot on the nerve system of animals.Sigmund Freud, as recorded by, Snelling was to the view the unconscious as a kind of cellar containing mainly what he called vises, all those aspects of himself that a person does not wish to confront- the un give birthable desires, aggressive impulses, painful memories and many other areas of ego. Snelling has established cure of all these consisted reclaiming this exiled material from the abyss of knowing and restoring it to the provinc e of consciousness- or in Freudian terminology restoring it to the ego from the Idd, a accomplish that Freud compared to reclaiming land from the sea, (Snelling, 295).If Freuds tendency had been essentially secular, according to John Snelling then Jungs ideas brought the new psychology into the area once regarded as the preserve of religion (293). Indeed he began to see the role of analysis not merely as directed towards curing neurotic symptoms but of assisting harmonious development, the flowering of item-by-item potential, and ultimately towards securing a transformation that would take the individual beyond himself. John Snelling writesThe fact that the approach to the numinous is the real therapy and inasmuch as you attain to the numinous experiences you are released from the curse of pathology. (Snelling 253). To accord due credit to Jung, however, it must be said that many western Buddhists have found that this ideas represent useful bridge into foreign world of Eastern spi rituality. Some have gone so far as to undertake Jungian analysis and have found helpful, particularly in dealing with psychological problems.According to John Snelling, Alan Watts was able to explain on this in his writing of the seven symbols of life (1936) Watt propounded the idea that Buddhism has more in prevalent with psychotherapy than with religion as the term was then understood in the west. Psychotherapy and Buddhism are intermarried and each has its part to play in assisting in its full realization, psychotherapy in helping to develop a sound ego, Buddhism in taking the process on from there, (Snelling, 298). Religion of faith Buddha emphasized that his teachings had a pragmatic purpose and should not be blindly clung to.He the Dharma to a raft made by a man seeking to cross a dangerous here shore of a river, representing the conditioned world, to the peaceful further shore, representing Nibanna (M. 1. 34-5). He then rhetorically asked whether such a man on reaching the other font should lift the raft and carry it around with him there. He therefore said, Dharma is for crossing over not for retaining, that is a follower should not grasp at Buddhist ideas and practices, but use them for their intended purpose, and then let go of them when they had fully accomplished their goal.Many ordinary Buddhists, though do not have a loaded attachment to Buddhism. While the Buddha was critical to blind faith, he did not deny a role for soundly based faith or trustful presumption (saddha) for to test out his teachings, person had to have at least some initial trust in them. He emphasizes a process of listening, which arouses saddha, leading to deeper saddha and deeper practice until the heart of the teachings is directly experienced. A person then becomes an Arahat, one who has replaced faith with knowledge.Even Theravada Buddhism, which often has a rather rational unemotional image, a very deep faith in the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha is common. Ideally this is based on the fact that some part of Buddhas path has been found to be uplifting, thus inspiring self-confidence in the rest. Many people though have a calm and joyful faith (pasada) inspired by the example of those who are well established on the path. In essence therefore, Buddhism is a religion that is based on aspects of faith. In actual sense Buddhism is a religion where faith is exercised for the purposes of perfection.We therefore accept the fact the statement of acclaim that Buddhism is a religion of faith holds. Buddhism does not demand that anyone accepts their teaching on trust. The practitioner is instead invited to try them out, to expriment with them. John Snelling writes and says there is no compulsion and it happens to find truth elsewhere or otherwise all well and good, (Snelling, 4). The essential freedom from dogma is enshrined in the Buddhas words to the Kalama, a people who lived in the vicinity of the town of Kesaputta Come, Kalamas, do not be satisfied with heasay or with tradition or with legendary lore or with what has come down in your scriptures or with logical inference or with weighing liking for a view after pondering it over or with the thought the monk is our teacher When you know in yourselves these ideas are unprofitable, liable to censure, condemned by the wise, being adopted and put into effect they lead to harm and suffering , then you should fury them ( and conversely)when you know in yourselves these things are profitable then you should practice them and abide in them. (Snelling, 3). Philosophical foundations According to John Snelling, in his The Buddhist enchiridion A complete Guide to Buddhist Teaching and Practice Buddhism as a religion is based o philosophical foundations. He writes At the core of Mahayana philosophy lays the notion of emptiness Shunyata. Buddha very much in the spirit of anata as first teaches this. It is not used to imply, not mere or holy nothingness, but emptiness of inherent existence tha t is, the absence of any kind of enduring or self sustaining essence.There is also a sense in which it has connotations of conceptual emptiness absence of thoughts. It could be regarded too as a non-term signifying the ineffable understanding arising within the practice of meditation Therefore, Shunyata as used by Buddha has organise this philosophical foundation in Buddhism, although in addition to this Snelling introduces another key term tathata which according to Buddhism philosophical foundations means thusness or suchness which signifies Emptiness in its inhering aspect as it appears in the world of form.The Buddha, as Snelling writes, is sometimes called the Tathagata He who is thus gone. The Tathagata-garbha (garbha means germ) doctrine, on the other hand, proposes the notion of an close Absolute the manifestation in form of a transcendental principle, (Snelling,5). Therefore it is true Buddhism has some philosophical foundations as it written by John Snelling, (Snelling, 4). In conclusion we have seen that Buddhism involves that Buddhism has evolved on the basis of some philosophical foundations and that it involves psychological, religious, some mystical experience and meditations.Unlike other religions, Buddhism holds the religious perfection in which one should not clung of practical faith but should eventually make it to knowledge. Therefore, this makes it more a practical experience. It is such aspects, according to John Snelling that drive us to believe that there is no Buddhism but only Buddhists. REFERENCES Snelling, John. The Buddhist Handbook A complete Guide to Buddhist Teaching and Practice. London Rider, 1987.

Encyclopedic System of Herbert Spencer

The most extreme reflection of nineteenth-century identity is to be found in the encyclopedic system of Herbert Spencer (1820-1903). Both his paternal and maternal ancestors were of a long English and French noncon strivingists, dissenters and rebels, and Spencer traces in his Autobiography his conspicuous disregard of political, religious, and social authority to the customs of independence and dissent so long cherished by his family. Spencers education was informal, unconventional, and highly deficient in the more traditional studies of literature and history.His become encouraged his interest in the science and tecnology, and Spencer became an engineer. However, he practiced his profession for a few years, because he became increasingly interested in political economy, sociology, biology, and philosophy. He was a subeditor of The economist from 1848 to 1853, and then ventured into a full-time cargoner as a dispense with-lance author. As early as 1842 Spencer contributed to the Nonconformist a serial of letters called The right-hand(a) Sphere of Government, his outset major mankindation.It contains his political philosophy of extreme individualism and Laissez Faire, which was non much modified in his writings in the following sixty years. Spencer expresses in The Proper Sphere of Government his belief that anything in nature has its laws, organic as well as inorganic matter. art object is subject to laws bot in his physical and life-timeual essence, and as with man individually, so with man socially. Concerning the evils of society, Spencer postulates a self-adjusting principle under which evils rectify themselves, provided that no one interferes with the natural law of society.In discussing the functions of the state, Spencer is concerned with what the state should not do, rather than what it should do. Maintenance of order and administ dimensionn of justice are the only two proper realms of organization activity, and their purpose is simply t o defend the natural rights of man to protect person and property. The state has no business to promote religion, regulate trade and commerce, encourage colonization, economic aid the poor, or enforce sanitary laws.Spencer went even so far as to deny the state the right to wage war but as he says in his Autobiography, his youthful enthusiasm of two-and twenty had carried him too far in this respect. Viewing the nature of the state in evolutionary terms, Spencer is little interested in forms of government, such as the traditional distinctions of monarchies, aristocracies, and democracies. The two main forms of the state and society, according to Spencer, are the host state and the industrial state.The military state is the early form of social organization, primitive, barbarian, and geared to permanent readiness for war. The individual is no more than a means to an end set by the state victory in war. Society is firmly organized, and every individual occupies the place assigned to him by the exigencies of militarism and authoritarian government. Status is the characteristic principle of the military society, and there is little mobility between classes and groups. Spencer defines the military state as one in which the army is the nation mobilized while the nation is the quiescent army.Showing unusual foresight long ahead total war was a reality, Spencer understood the impact of war on society as a whole, although his analysis of the military state refers to an early phase of society, it anticipates with remarkable accuracy the developments of the twentieth century. In the military state, Spencer says, the military chief is likely to be the political leader, and the economic activities of the industrial classes are oriented to the military needs of the state. There is massive corporation in a military state, but it is enforced and involuntary.Because the security of the state is the primary objective of all public actions. As the military state expands its territory and achieves stability over a long period of time, it gradually evolves into the industrial type of state and society. The way of lifetime in the industrial state and society is based on voluntary cooperation, and the tendency is toward gradual elimination of elimination of coercion in all forms. Diversity, variety, and nonconformism characterize the industrial society with its emphasis on the value of the individual as the supreme end of government.The purpose of the industrial society is to assure the maximal liberty and happiness of its members, whereas the purpose of the military society is to increase its power by rigid regimentation at home and imperialists conquest abroad. In relation with some other nations, the industrial society is pacific, eager to exchange the products of labor rather than to acquire wealth by force. As Spencer explains the members of the industrial society are therefore antimilitarist, anti-imperialist, cosmopolitan, and humanitarian. bri ng out trade within and between nations is the formula of the industrial society, whereas economic nationalism is the ideal of the military state. In 1884 Spencer published four essays in the Contemporary Review, which were assembled in a book under the title, The Man Versus the State. It is his most famous work on politics and it is still the most influential statement of the Laissez Faire. In the first essay, The New Tories, Spencer attacks the English Liberals for abandoning their historical individualism in favor of social reform and the welfare state.According to Spencer, English Conservatives, like any conservative party, are the historical descendants of the principles of the military state, whereas the English Liberals, like liberals generally are the descendants of the industrial society. Moreover, Spencer also noticed that economic individualism, abandoned by Liberals, was more and more adopted by Conservatives, so that the roles of both parties came to be the opposite of what they had originally been. Therefore, the English Conservative would become the party of economic individualism and free enterprise, whereas the Liberals would accept public control of the economy.The second essay is The Coming Slavery. In it, Spencer refocus on the necessity that the laws of the society must not be interfered with the kindly process of the survival of the fittest, and that interference with natural selection lowers the standards of society as a whole. Spencer stresses on the official regulations to increase in a geometrical ratio to the power of resistance of the regulated citizens. People get more and more accustomed to the idea that the state will take care of them, and therefore, they lose the spirit of initiative and enterprise.Spencer predicted that social-welfare programs would lead to socialization of the means of production, and all socialism is slavery. Spencer defines a slave as a person who labors under coercion to satisfy others desires. Under socialism or communism the individual would be enslaved to the whole community rather than to a single master. In his third essay, The Sins of Legislators, Spencer rejects the imbue of government activity in social and economic areas.Progress is the result of the desire to increase personal welfare, and not the product of governmental regulation It is not the state that owe the multitudinous useful inventions from the spade to the telephone it was not the state which made the discoveries in physics, chemistry, and the rest, which guide modern manufactures it was not the state which devised the machinery for producing fabrics of every kind, for transferring men and things from place to place, and for ministering in a thousand ways to our comforts. Spencer charges legislators with confusing family ethics with state ethics. In the family, benefits received have little or no relation to merit. In the state, the ruling principle ought to be justice therefore the relation between benefi ts and merits should be proportional. Spencer explains that the intrusion of family ethics into state ethics is a dangerous interference with the laws of nature and society, and slowly followed by fatal results. The stick out essay is the Great Political Superstition. In which Spencer says that the great political superstition of the past, was the churchman right of kings. Whereas, in the present it is the divine right of parliaments.He attacks the doctrine of sovereignty as propounded by Hobbes and rejects the claim of popular majorities for un regulateed authority as being inconsistent with the inalienable rights of the individual. Spencer concludes his book with the final reminder that government is not a divine institution but a committee of management, and that it has no intrinsic authority beyond the ethical sanction bestowed on it by the free consent of the citizens The function of Liberalism in the past was that of putting a limit to the powers of the king.The functions of true Liberalism in the future will be that of putting a limit to the powers of parliaments. Spencers political ideas hardly changed between 1842, when he published his Proper Sphere of Government, and 1903, the year of his death. The constancy of his political thought in the face of rapidly changing social and economic scene explains why the same ideas that were the last word in radical individualism in the eighteen-forties had become the orthodox conservatism by 1900.And Spencers appeal to the English Liberals to return to their original individualism remained unheard, but he correctly foresaw that Conservatives would become the defenders of economic individualism. Spencer failed to see that the issue of the state intervention in the economy was essentially one of means and not of objectives, and that Laissez Faire could be progressive, dynamic, and revolutionary at one time early 19 century-, and conservative, stagnant, and sterile at another time late 19 century-.

Business report Essay

This report illustrates two ways that gross(a) Atlantic airline uses to come out no-hitly in Africa. The two aspects atomic number 18 business and local directions. These are based on caller-outs website, academic journals and newspapers. Business means companies should widget the opportunity to expend their business. Local means the company should be concerning most the local economic situation and the local peoples lifestyle, in order to let the local accepting them invest in Africa, therefore makes that consummate(a) Atlantic airway invest in Africa successful. The two ways used by perfect(a) Atlantic Airway have been mostly successfully invest in Africa.If pure(a) Atlantic Airway keeps considering approximately these two aspects to their investing program, it can make their investment program more successful than their current situation. 1. inlet consummate(a) Atlantic Airway is nonpareil of the most famous airline giants in the world. Its successful investment in Africa is an significant essential that makes this company reaches this rank. 1. 1 Background Virgin Corporation was founded in 1968 by Richard Branson in the United Kingdom. Until 2012, the Virgin Corporation employed almost more than 50,000 people over 50 countries in the world. Global branded revenues of ?15bn ($24bn). Virgin Corporation is a transnational private company. In 1970, the Virgin Group has gone on to grow successful businesses in sectors ranging from mobile telephony, travel, financial services, leisure, music, holidays, health to wellness. Virgin Atlantic set up in 1984. The company has become Britains second largest carrier function majority of cities in the world. In 1999. Virgin Atlantic started cooperation with South Africa Airways. At the same judgment of conviction, Virgin added a new airline flight to South Africa. In 2004, Nigerian investors and Virgin Group founded in Virgin Nigeria.However, Virgin, the major shareholders announced their withdrawal f rom the partnership in 2009. 1. 2 Purpose The purpose is explaining how successful Virgin Atlantic Airway investment is in Africa. 1. 3 Methods The method of this report is based on business and local perspectives to prove that Virgin Atlantic Airway makes a successful investment in Africa. 2. Findings and Discussion 2. 1 Business The growth rates of a number of African countries were achieving impressive levels with consistency. When transnational corporations strike to invest in Africa, business opportunity is one of the biggest reasons.In 2009, Virgin Atlantic Airway found a proper time when they moved into Africa. The economic achievements after Virgin Atlantic Airway moved in Africa acknowledged Table 1 From 20032007 Virgin Atlantic Financial Y/E April 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 kiss of peace NO (cal year) 3. 8m 4. 3m 4. 4m 4. 6m 5. 1m TURNOVER ?1401m ?1272m* ?1630m ?1912m 2140m PROFIT/(LOSS) ?15. 7m ?20. 9m* ?20. 1m** ?41. 6** ?46. 8 (Source From Virgin Atlantic Airways Compa ny Overview, n. d. ) The table shows Virgin Atlantic financial position from 2003 to 2007, it was increasing. From 1999, Virgin Atlantic Airway started investment in Africa.They found a new space to expand their business. From Table 1, from 2003 to 2007, their dinero obviously ontogenyd from ? 15. 7m to ? 46. 8m. Especially, in 2006, the profit of Virgin Atlantic Airway almost doubled that in 2005. Furthermore, at the same time, Virgin Atlantic Airway invested in Nigeria which is one of the important reasons for the fast increase in company profit. Virgin Atlantic Cargo today announced revenues for the 2010/2011 financial year increasing 39 per cent to A? 224. 4 million (Virgin Cargo sees 39% ,n. d. ). In EMEA, sales increased 47 per cent over 2009/10.(Virgin Cargo sees 39%, n. d. ) In February 2009, SAA and Virgin Atlantic expanded their existing code-share. In March 2009, SAA offered additional flights and increased capacity on the route between Johannesburg and Mumbai. (Market Overview Travel, 2010) Table 2 Overall ownership 51% Nigerian, 49% Technical Partner (Virgin Atlantic) 49% Virgin Atlantic Technical Partner (owned 51% Virgin, 49% Singapore Airlines) 11% Capital attachment Leading private equity investor blue-chip investors/management 10% Dantata Leading industrial/services conglomerate based in Muslim North 4% Standard Trust BankLargest Nigerian bank, new generation strategy 26% Other Nigerian institutional investors 17 separate Nigerian damages companies, banks, corporates, private equity firms. (Source FromInvestment Environment in Africa, 2005) This Table explains that the percentage of Virgin Atlantic invested in Nigeria. Virgin Atlantic is the major share-holder in Virgin Nigeria. In 2009, Virgin Atlantic Airway quitted from Virgin Nigeria. Virgin investment in Nigeria announced failed. However, Virgin Atlantic Airway invest in Africa had failed in some situation. In 2009, Virgin Atlantic Airway quit from Virgin Nigeria.From Table 2, Vi rgin was the major share-holder in Virgin Nigeria, Akpo. E (2013) states, external factors include but are not limited to poor infrastructure in Nigeria, conflicts with governments aviation authorities as regards use of facilities and poor profit turnout(p. 6). It means Virgin has a negative factor in choosing a place. Thus, Virgin Atlantic Airway should be concerning that knows what other international investment companies method about investment and management. If they have strengthen communication between company and the company, they can avoid failed in Nigeria and their business space in Africa give wider than now.2. 2 Local The company plans to move into another country, the leader will consider the local job first. When the local support the company that means the companys investment program has succeed and has a good beginning. In 2004, Virgin Atlantic Airway invested in Nigeria, and the leader of Virgin has considered this issue. Lumess Talent encyclopaedism has executed across all of the business by Virgin Atlantic, which received 130,000applications from 2,200vacancies advertised every year (Virgin Atlantic uncovers the best talent and cuts time to hire by 20% n. d. ).Virgins investment in Africa started from 1999, Virgin Atlantic Airway got the supporting from local that Virgin Atlantic Airway had received 130,000 applications for 2,200 vacancies advertised annually. This way boosts international economic cooperation, and promotes the relationship between investment company and local. Moreover, investment in Africa has promoted the tourist industry of Africa because it can diddle many business chances and enhance local economic. Brand new air crafts and a mix of expatriates and local employees was commenced operations by Virgin Nigeria (The birth, the rise and the follow of Virgin Nigeria 2013).High traffic growth occurred because the emergence of budget airlines and the booming economic climate in South Africa (Market Overview Travel 2010). On the other hand, Virgin Atlantic Airway invested in Africa solve the problem of employment. Akpo. E (2013) states, Virgin Nigeria commenced operations with brand new air crafts and a mix of expatriates and local employees (p. 6). Recruitment of locals is one of the reasons that Virgin Atlantic Airway gets support from the local. Therefore, Virgin Atlantic Airways method is right to have achievement in Africa for the company.In this aspect, Virgin Atlantic Airway should be keeping the balance of local employees and service quality. If they perform regular inspections every month, they will solve the problem between local employees and service quality and keep of it. 3. Conclusion This report clearly states that Virgin is almost successful to invest in Africa. The reason is that they catch the opportunity to expand their business and consider about the local situation of Africa. Virgin can provide working opportunities to the local, and help the economics of Africa growth.Overall, V irgin is one of the best examples to demonstrate how well a company investment in Africa. 4. Recommendation and implementation As a company, investment is one of the most important programs. Companies should know about how to catch the business opportunities and cater for the local. Therefore, Virgin Corporation attaches importance to business and local. They catch a good opportunity for the investment program. However, in order to make Virgin Corporation become more successful investment in Africa.Accordingly, the following recommendations are made If Virgin Corporation concerns about communicating with other local air company, the company will know more about the local situation and find more new partners. Virgin should not only communicate with their work partner because they need expanding in the future. If Virgin Corporation improves the ability of regulating conflict and keeping the balance with interior(a) and outer. Virgin Atlantic Airway will not withdraw from Virgin Niger ia. For example, having a regular assignment to the employees can avoid poor employee attitude as a minus.